Shrines of State and Sea: A Study on Ming Official Acceptance of Folk Beliefs and Their Geographical Landscapes
Background: Folk Deities under the Sacrificial System During the Ming Dynasty, the administration of folk beliefs followed the ancient maxim: ‘The major affairs of state lie in sacrifice and military’ (国之大事, 在祀与戎). According to the Bamin Tongzhi, ‘Altars and Temples’ (坛庙) were categorized as essential components of administrative geography, reflecting a governance logic of ‘respecting the gods to care for the people’. By granting official titles and plaques (赐额), the early Ming government transformed local, often ‘mystical’ grassroots beliefs—such as Mazu or Master Xu—into extensions of state authority, playing a role in maintaining social order and maritime safety. ...